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California

Political repression plays out state by state — shaped by local institutions, prosecutors, and movements for defense. These are the documented political prisoners and cases the census holds for California.

1,526Documented
39In custody
898Released
17Awaiting trial

Eras of repression in California

Where California’s entries fall across the census’s historical eras.

1930s 354 1970s 205 1960s 198 1910s 174 2020s 131 1980s 90

Documented cases

1,526 entries in the census — every one stays in the record, whether the case is open or closed.

Ricardo Chavez-Ortiz
Released
Ricardo Chavez-Ortiz was a Mexican man sentenced to 20 years for a 1972 political airline hijacking in which h...
Rose Chernin
Released
Rose Chernin was a Russian Jewish immigrant who arrived in 1913. LA CPUSA leader. Yates defendant; arrested Au...
William Christmas
Released
William Arthur Christmas was a San Quentin prisoner and a witness for James McClain at McClain’s Marin County...
Patsy Ciambrelli
Released
Patsy Ciambrelli was a Marine Firemen union member and one of the maritime workers prosecuted in the Modesto d...
Kathleen Cleaver
Released
Kathleen Neal Cleaver joined the Black Panther Party in late 1967 and became its Communications Secretary, the...
Eldridge Cleaver
Released
Eldridge Cleaver was the Black Panther Party's Minister of Information and the author of Soul on Ice (1968), o...
John Cluchette
Released
John Cluchette was a Black prisoner at Soledad Prison in California and one of the three Soledad Brothers — al...
John Clutchette
Released
The third of the Soledad Brothers, charged with co-defendants George Jackson and Fleeta Drumgo with the Januar...
Gregory Coffey
Released
Gregory Coffey was one of the Camp Pendleton 14, Black Marines arrested after a November 13, 1976 confrontatio...
Ross Colby
Released
Ross Colby was a hacker associated with Anonymous who in 2015 broke into the content systems of several Califo...
Lester Cole
Released
Lester Cole, a screenwriter and a founding member of the Screen Writers Guild was one of the “Hollywood Ten,”...
Festus Coleman
Released
Festus Lewis Coleman was a young Black San Franciscan arrested in April 1941 and convicted on robbery and assa...
Mark Comfort
Released
Mark Everett Comfort was one of Oakland's most prominent grassroots Black organizers of the early-to-mid 1960s...
Robert Connellan
Released
Robert Connellan was secretary of the IWW local in Stockton, California. He was convicted at the mass IWW tria...
Frank Conner
Released
Frank Conner was an oiler and Marine Firemen’s Union delegate aboard the steamship Point Lobos. Authorities ar...
Margaret E. Cornell
Released
Margaret E. Cornell was an Irish-born office clerk, age 52 at the time of her conviction, who worked at the Ge...
Terry Cotton
Released
Terry Cotton was one of the earliest members of the Black Panther Party, in the same founding-era cohort as Hu...
Jack Crane
Released
Jack Crane was an organizer with the Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (CAWIU), which led Cali...
Paul Crouch
Released
Paul Crouch was a young U.S. Army private at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. Paul Crouch was court-martialed in 19...
Charles C. Crowley
Released
Charles C. Crowley was a San Francisco private detective hired by the German Consulate under Consul-General Fr...
Norma Jean Croy
Released
Norma Jean Croy is a Native American woman whose case became closely tied to debates about over-policing, fair...
Sarah Cutler
Released
Sarah Cutler was the mother of Emma Schneiderman. In 1929 she was visiting the workers' children's summer camp...
Iva Toguri D'Aquino
Released
Iva Toguri D’Aquino, later widely labeled “Tokyo Rose,” was an American citizen stranded in wartime Japan who...
Sam Darcy
Released
Sam Darcy, also known as Samuel Adams Darcy and Samuel Dardeck, was a Communist Party organizer, editor and le...

Institutions in California

Prisons, jails, and detention centers in California that appear in the census’s case files.

San Quentin State PrisonSan Quentin, California
171 cases
Federal Bureau of Prisons
60 cases
Sharp Park Detention CampSharp Park, California
33 cases
Presidio StockadeSan Francisco, California
27 cases
Los Angeles County JailLos Angeles, California
26 cases
Folsom State PrisonFolsom, California
22 cases
San Quentin Rehabilitation CenterSan Quentin, California
16 cases
San Diego County JailSan Diego, California
13 cases