Ozie Powell

Ozie Powell was one of the nine Black teenagers prosecuted in the Scottsboro case. On March 25, 1931 nine Black teenagers (ages 12 to 19) were pulled off a Southern Railway freight train at Paint Rock, Alabama and accused of raping two white women, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, who had been riding in the same boxcar. Jailed at Scottsboro and Gadsden, AL, then transferred to Kilby Prison in Montgomery, the nine were tried in groups in Scottsboro, AL beginning April 6, 1931. Eight were convicted and sentenced to death; the case of 12-year-old Roy Wright ended in a hung jury. The Communist Party's International Labor Defense and (later) the NAACP took up their defense. The U.S. Supreme Court intervened twice — first in Powell v. Alabama (1932), holding that the right to counsel applies to capital defendants in state court, and again in Norris v. Alabama (1935), reversing the convictions on grounds of systematic exclusion of African Americans from Alabama jury rolls. Five (Charlie Weems, Clarence Norris, Andy Wright, Haywood Patterson, Ozie Powell) were re-convicted in further trials; four (Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, Roy Wright) had charges dropped on July 24, 1937. The case remains the defining African-American legal cause célèbre of the 1930s. In 2013 Alabama posthumously pardoned the three (Weems, A. Wright, Patterson) who had not previously been pardoned or had charges dropped.

Daily Worker, October 25, 1934, page 6: The editorial directs supporters’ correspondence to him at Jefferson County Jail in Birmingham, alongside the other defendants held there. Its collective allegations about coercion remain the newspaper’s claims; the location report supplies no new admission, transfer or release day.

Nick Read's interview with Scottsboro prosecutor Thomas E. Knight Jr., The Carolina Magazine, April 1936, printed pages 2-5 (PDF pages 226-229), prints Powell's first name as Ozzie. Knight says he came upon the prisoner-transfer scene after the violence and learned from the sheriff that Powell had cut a deputy's throat and reached for his gun before the sheriff shot Powell in the head. Knight was not an eyewitness to that alleged assault. He says he rushed the deputy to a Cullman hospital, left Powell unattended believing him dead, and then drove the other six prisoners to Birmingham at 70-80 miles an hour. He did not know where the knife came from and rejected suggestions of temporary insanity. The interview also records Knight's racist defense of the prosecution, his wish that the defendants had been lynched, and his explanation that dismissing the National Guard would forestall defense complaints of unsafe trial conditions. These are the prosecutor's attributed statements, not findings validating the shooting or the defendants' guilt; the article's initial seven-defendant count does not replace the documented nine. Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Carolina_magazine_%28serial%29_%28IA_carolinamagazine65univ%29.pdf

Daily Worker, February 18, 1936, page 1: A February 17 Decatur dispatch reports an effort to bring an alleged escape-plot accusation before the Morgan County grand jury, naming Powell and Wright and alleging involvement by defense lawyers. Sheriff J. Street Sandlin was expected to seek assault-with-intent-to-murder indictments. Solicitor Malvin Hutson declined to discuss a possible referral. These are reported prospective accusations, not proof that an indictment, conviction or additional sentence actually followed; no new custody interval is inferred. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1936/v13-n042-NY-feb-18-1936-DW-Q.pdf

The March 25, 1932 issue reports Alabama’s Supreme Court affirming the death judgments of seven Scottsboro defendants on March 24, while reversing Eugene Williams’s judgment on juvenile-jurisdiction grounds and leaving Roy Wright’s mistrial situation separate. The reported execution schedules were prospective and do not establish any execution or physical custody endpoint. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1932/v09-n072-NY-mar-25-1932-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

Daily Worker, May 24, 1935: Page 3 reports the National Scottsboro Defense Committee’s release of letters by 105 prominent supporters urging Alabama Governor Bibb Graves to release the nine Scottsboro defendants and protesting plans to reindict them after the jury-exclusion ruling. This documents collective defense activity concerning the established nine defendants; a proposed reindictment is not a new completed prosecution, conviction or release. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1935/v12-n124-NAT-may-24-1935-DW-Q.pdf

The January 29, 1936 Daily Worker reports Powell critically ill in Hillman Hospital’s segregated jail ward following a brain operation on Saturday, January 25. Roy Wright and Clarence Norris are identified as handcuffed witnesses to the shooting, and their accusations against Sheriffs Blaylock and Sandlin are reported as their testimony. January 25 dates the operation, not the shooting. A proposed jail transfer and planned further indictments are prospective. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1936/v13-n025-NY-jan-29-1936-DW-Q.pdf#page=1

Frances Levkoff’s jail-visit account in the July 7, 1936 Daily Worker describes Powell still ill, with an impaired arm and difficulty walking; Norris sharing a cell with a mentally ill prisoner; Eugene Williams undernourished; Roy and Andy Wright asking that greetings reach their mother Ada; and Montgomery requesting drawing materials. It dates Powell’s shooting to January 24, distinct from the January 25 operation reported earlier. The visit supplies no new individual custody endpoints. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1936/v13-n162-NY-jul-07-1936-DW-Q.pdf#page=3

In Allen’s first-person account of the 1933 Decatur proceedings, he and artist Jacob Burck visited the Scottsboro prisoners in a filthy, insect-infested cell block with an old gallows in direct view. The youths described beatings during earlier confinement and transfers, while defense efforts had secured exercise, mail and family visits. Roy Wright and Eugene Williams were practicing reading and writing, and the prisoners sang together. This eyewitness account adds prison conditions without inventing new custody episodes or counting ongoing imprisonment as completed service. Source: https://www.marxists.org/archive/allen/organizing-south.pdf#page=114

The February 13, 1933 Daily Worker distinguishes Roy Wright’s confinement in Birmingham County jail from the other eight Scottsboro defendants’ confinement in Kilby death cells despite the new-trial ruling. It reports defense use of Ruby Bates’s January 5, 1932 letter to Earl Streetman recanting her accusation and alleging police threats of jail. Judge J. P. McCoy impounded the letter January 23, 1933 and ordered a photostat January 31 during Roy’s unsuccessful bail proceedings. These are attributed defense evidence and reported jail locations; no release is inferred. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1933/v010-n037-X-feb-13-1933-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

The May 7, 1931 Daily Worker reports defense new-trial motions and family organizing in the Scottsboro case. It describes Janie Patterson disputing a purported letter from Haywood and Ada Wright preparing a New York visit. The source uses Robertson, Ollie Montgomery and Charley Weems as period variants and reports ages that are not substituted for verified birth data. Eight death sentences and proposed July 10 executions are distinguished from actual deaths; no new physical custody endpoint is inferred. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1931/v08-n110-NY-may-07-1931-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

The September 30, 1931 Daily Worker prints Powell’s letter from Kilby Prison to Mrs. Ida Norris. He reports being well, asks for friends and ILD assistance, and supplies an Atlanta address for his unnamed mother. No exact letter day or physical custody endpoint is inferred, and the mother’s given name and uncertain address spelling are not invented. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1931/v08-n235-NY-sep-30-1931-DW-LOC.pdf#page=3

The April 19, 1932 Montgomery report published April 20 says the Alabama Supreme Court granted a stay the preceding day for seven defendants, postponing execution until June 24 pending a U.S. Supreme Court appeal. It distinguishes Eugene Williams’s new trial and Roy Wright’s continued jail after a mistrial. The older page-four statement incorrectly groups nine under a May13execution forecast; the specific updated report governs this note. The stay and future execution dates are not release or death events. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1932/v09-n094-NY-apr-20-1932-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

The November 9, 1932 Daily Worker reports the U.S. Supreme Court reversal of the seven Alabama death judgments and the continued confinement of the Scottsboro defendants. It describes the failure to allow adequate consultation and preparation with counsel, and Judge Hawkins’s proposal for a March retrial while resisting a venue change. Reversal is not physical freedom, and the proposed retrial is not a completed later outcome. These seven reviewed death judgments are distinguished from the separate procedural situations of Eugene Williams and Roy Wright. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1932/v09-n268-NY-nov-09-1932-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

Otto Hall’s interview with Powell’s mother describes her childhood domestic and field labor in Sparta, Georgia, her sharecropping family, widowhood and seven children. She recalled that Ozie left to find work to support her and an ill older sister. The article reports his arrest age as fourteen; that period account is preserved without replacing established birth data. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1934/v11-n109-sect-one-may-07-1934-DW-LOC.pdf#page=3

The Powell v. Alabama transcript, Part 2, printed pages 109-137 and 145-146, records the five-defendant trial verdict on April 8, 1931, formal death sentences on April 9, and denial of the amended new-trial motion on June 22. The defense alleged inadequate preparation, racial exclusion from juries and coercive public pressure; the Alabama majority rejected those arguments, while Chief Justice Anderson dissented. His dissent (pages 171-174) traces military-escorted removal to Gadsden, return to Scottsboro for arraignment, removal to Gadsden while awaiting trial, return for trial, and removal after sentence; it does not provide exact transfer days. The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed his judgment March 24, 1932 and ordered delivery to Kilby Prison for a scheduled May 13 execution (pages 144 and 171). Rehearing was refused April 9; its April 19 order postponed execution to June 24 (pages 180 and 184-185). The final printed order, filed May 31, 1932 (page 187), grants United States Supreme Court certiorari and advances argument to October 10. These scheduled executions were not completed deaths or physical release dates. Source: https://briefs1.lonedissent.org/1932/powell-v-alabama/Transcript%20of%20Record,%20Part%202.pdf

Page 1's April 16 Birmingham report describes seven Scottsboro defendants confined on the top floor of Jefferson County Jail and subjected for several weeks to solitary confinement and alleged abuse. A planned May Day rally would demand improved treatment and freedom. The item supplies collective context for the Birmingham group, without individually listing its seven members, establishing separate beatings for each, or giving a new individual admission or discharge date. The forthcoming rally is prospective. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1934/v11-n092-apr-17-1934-DW-LOC.pdf