Andy Wright

Andy Wright was one of the nine Black teenagers prosecuted in the Scottsboro case. On March 25, 1931 nine Black teenagers (ages 12 to 19) were pulled off a Southern Railway freight train at Paint Rock, Alabama and accused of raping two white women, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, who had been riding in the same boxcar. Jailed at Scottsboro and Gadsden, AL, then transferred to Kilby Prison in Montgomery, the nine were tried in groups in Scottsboro, AL beginning April 6, 1931. Eight were convicted and sentenced to death; the case of 12-year-old Roy Wright ended in a hung jury. The Communist Party's International Labor Defense and (later) the NAACP took up their defense. The U.S. Supreme Court intervened twice — first in Powell v. Alabama (1932), holding that the right to counsel applies to capital defendants in state court, and again in Norris v. Alabama (1935), reversing the convictions on grounds of systematic exclusion of African Americans from Alabama jury rolls. Five (Charlie Weems, Clarence Norris, Andy Wright, Haywood Patterson, Ozie Powell) were re-convicted in further trials; four (Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, Roy Wright) had charges dropped on July 24, 1937. The case remains the defining African-American legal cause célèbre of the 1930s. In 2013 Alabama posthumously pardoned the three (Weems, A. Wright, Patterson) who had not previously been pardoned or had charges dropped.

Daily Worker, October 25, 1934, page 1–2, 6: Ada Wright’s affidavit, sworn October 24, describes visiting Roy and Andy at Jefferson County Jail the previous week. Her account reports disputed promises about bail during the struggle over defense representation. The editorial on page 6 also lists both at Jefferson County Jail. No actual release is established by a reported promise.

The March 25, 1932 issue reports Alabama’s Supreme Court affirming the death judgments of seven Scottsboro defendants on March 24, while reversing Eugene Williams’s judgment on juvenile-jurisdiction grounds and leaving Roy Wright’s mistrial situation separate. The reported execution schedules were prospective and do not establish any execution or physical custody endpoint. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1932/v09-n072-NY-mar-25-1932-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

Daily Worker, May 24, 1935: Page 3 reports the National Scottsboro Defense Committee’s release of letters by 105 prominent supporters urging Alabama Governor Bibb Graves to release the nine Scottsboro defendants and protesting plans to reindict them after the jury-exclusion ruling. This documents collective defense activity concerning the established nine defendants; a proposed reindictment is not a new completed prosecution, conviction or release. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1935/v12-n124-NAT-may-24-1935-DW-Q.pdf

Frances Levkoff’s jail-visit account in the July 7, 1936 Daily Worker describes Powell still ill, with an impaired arm and difficulty walking; Norris sharing a cell with a mentally ill prisoner; Eugene Williams undernourished; Roy and Andy Wright asking that greetings reach their mother Ada; and Montgomery requesting drawing materials. It dates Powell’s shooting to January 24, distinct from the January 25 operation reported earlier. The visit supplies no new individual custody endpoints. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1936/v13-n162-NY-jul-07-1936-DW-Q.pdf#page=3

In Allen’s first-person account of the 1933 Decatur proceedings, he and artist Jacob Burck visited the Scottsboro prisoners in a filthy, insect-infested cell block with an old gallows in direct view. The youths described beatings during earlier confinement and transfers, while defense efforts had secured exercise, mail and family visits. Roy Wright and Eugene Williams were practicing reading and writing, and the prisoners sang together. This eyewitness account adds prison conditions without inventing new custody episodes or counting ongoing imprisonment as completed service. Source: https://www.marxists.org/archive/allen/organizing-south.pdf#page=114

Allen’s memoir says the Wright brothers had lost their father seven years before the Scottsboro arrest. Andy had been a truck driver and then unemployed; their mother Ada earned six dollars a week at domestic work. They hoped to stay with an aunt in Memphis while looking for jobs. This family history does not establish a new custody date. Source: https://www.marxists.org/archive/allen/organizing-south.pdf#page=98

The February 13, 1933 Daily Worker distinguishes Roy Wright’s confinement in Birmingham County jail from the other eight Scottsboro defendants’ confinement in Kilby death cells despite the new-trial ruling. It reports defense use of Ruby Bates’s January 5, 1932 letter to Earl Streetman recanting her accusation and alleging police threats of jail. Judge J. P. McCoy impounded the letter January 23, 1933 and ordered a photostat January 31 during Roy’s unsuccessful bail proceedings. These are attributed defense evidence and reported jail locations; no release is inferred. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1933/v010-n037-X-feb-13-1933-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

Ada Wright’s Harlem speech identifies her sons Roy, fourteen, and Andy, seventeen, among the imprisoned Scottsboro defendants and recalls their departure from home looking for work. Her account supplies family context, without a new exact arrest date or individual sentence. Daily Worker, June 29, 1931, page 1. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1930/v07-n155-NY-jun-29-1930-DW-LOC.pdf (The local filename incorrectly says 1930; the printed masthead is June 29, 1931.)

The May 7, 1931 Daily Worker reports defense new-trial motions and family organizing in the Scottsboro case. It describes Janie Patterson disputing a purported letter from Haywood and Ada Wright preparing a New York visit. The source uses Robertson, Ollie Montgomery and Charley Weems as period variants and reports ages that are not substituted for verified birth data. Eight death sentences and proposed July 10 executions are distinguished from actual deaths; no new physical custody endpoint is inferred. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1931/v08-n110-NY-may-07-1931-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

The April 19, 1932 Montgomery report published April 20 says the Alabama Supreme Court granted a stay the preceding day for seven defendants, postponing execution until June 24 pending a U.S. Supreme Court appeal. It distinguishes Eugene Williams’s new trial and Roy Wright’s continued jail after a mistrial. The older page-four statement incorrectly groups nine under a May13execution forecast; the specific updated report governs this note. The stay and future execution dates are not release or death events. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1932/v09-n094-NY-apr-20-1932-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

The November 9, 1932 Daily Worker reports the U.S. Supreme Court reversal of the seven Alabama death judgments and the continued confinement of the Scottsboro defendants. It describes the failure to allow adequate consultation and preparation with counsel, and Judge Hawkins’s proposal for a March retrial while resisting a venue change. Reversal is not physical freedom, and the proposed retrial is not a completed later outcome. These seven reviewed death judgments are distinguished from the separate procedural situations of Eugene Williams and Roy Wright. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1932/v09-n268-NY-nov-09-1932-DW-LOC.pdf#page=1

Pages 1–3 describe Ada Wright’s Harlem and Brownsville defense appearances and her protest at being denied the floor at the Salem Baptist Church NAACP meeting. Her statements concerning defense obstruction are attributed to her and the newspaper. The collective claim that all nine faced the electric chair does not override Roy’s separate mistrial situation or establish an execution, release or new arrest. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1931/v08-n155-NY-jun-29-1931-DW-LOC.pdf

The Powell v. Alabama transcript, Part 2, printed pages 109-137 and 145-146, records the five-defendant trial verdict on April 8, 1931, formal death sentences on April 9, and denial of the amended new-trial motion on June 22. The defense alleged inadequate preparation, racial exclusion from juries and coercive public pressure; the Alabama majority rejected those arguments, while Chief Justice Anderson dissented. His dissent (pages 171-174) traces military-escorted removal to Gadsden, return to Scottsboro for arraignment, removal to Gadsden while awaiting trial, return for trial, and removal after sentence; it does not provide exact transfer days. The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed his judgment March 24, 1932 and ordered delivery to Kilby Prison for a scheduled May 13 execution (pages 144 and 171). Rehearing was refused April 9; its April 19 order postponed execution to June 24 (pages 180 and 184-185). The final printed order, filed May 31, 1932 (page 187), grants United States Supreme Court certiorari and advances argument to October 10. These scheduled executions were not completed deaths or physical release dates. Source: https://briefs1.lonedissent.org/1932/powell-v-alabama/Transcript%20of%20Record,%20Part%202.pdf

The June 25, 1938 Socialist Call reports the Alabama Supreme Court confirming Clarence Norris death sentence and the long prison terms of Andy Wright and Charlie Weems. Norris was facing a prospective August 19 execution, while the Scottsboro Defense Committee announced further work and appealed to public opinion. That threatened execution is not treated as an actual death or release. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/socialist-call/call%204-25.pdf#page=1

Labor Defender, May 1934: The article reports that Wright spent more than three weeks in solitary confinement at Jefferson County Jail after refusing to go outside into snow and sleet. This is an attributed disciplinary-confinement interval within his existing Scottsboro detention, not his complete prison term. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/labordefender/1934/v10n05-may-1934-orig-LD.pdf#page=7

Labor Defender, August 1932, printed page 155 (PDF pages 17–18): A caption identifies Lucille Wright as Roy and Andy's sister touring the country in support of their defense. The separate European-poster montage on page 144 concerns their mother Ada Wright's tour with J. Louis Engdahl. The sister's identified photograph is not assigned as a portrait of either imprisoned brother, and defense travel is not their release. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/labordefender/1932/v08n08-aug-1932-LD.pdf

John Howard Lawson's July 5 Birmingham investigation, pages 1-2, reports continued solitary confinement, denial of exercise and tear gas pumped directly into the Wright brothers' eyes. Sheriff Hawkins acknowledged seven prisoners had been in solitary since March 23, while disputing knowledge of gassing and beatings. Andy said he took a knife from a prisoner attacking his brother; this is his attributed explanation, not a new conviction. The account identifies guard Captain Daniel Rogers as directing abusive treatment. It does not make the paper's collective nine-prisoner heading proof that every defendant was individually beaten. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1934/v11-n161-jul-06-1934-DW-LOC.pdf

Page 1's April 16 Birmingham report describes seven Scottsboro defendants confined on the top floor of Jefferson County Jail and subjected for several weeks to solitary confinement and alleged abuse. A planned May Day rally would demand improved treatment and freedom. The item supplies collective context for the Birmingham group, without individually listing its seven members, establishing separate beatings for each, or giving a new individual admission or discharge date. The forthcoming rally is prospective. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1934/v11-n092-apr-17-1934-DW-LOC.pdf

Printed page 163 individually captions his photograph in a Kilby death cell. Page 166 describes his mother Ada Wright's European Scottsboro defense tour; an August 25 Brussels bulletin on page 167 reports her expulsion across Belgium's border. These are custody corroboration and family-defense context, not Andy's release or a new US imprisonment of his mother. His existing identified portrait is retained. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/labordefender/1932/v08n09-sep-1932-LD.pdf

The April 19, 1932 Daily Worker, page 2, reproduced a letter dated April 12 and signed by Andy Wright from Kilby Prison in Montgomery. The letter described the Scottsboro prisoners’ cramped death-cell confinement and lack of exercise and requested a return to Birmingham County Jail. It documents their reported conditions and a requested transfer; it does not establish that the transfer occurred. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1932/v09-n093-NY-apr-19-1932-DW-LOC.pdf#page=2

Josephine Herbst’s July 1931 account quotes their mother, Ada Wright, describing the family’s poverty before Andy and Roy left to look for work in Memphis. She said her husband had been dead seven years, that she worked from early morning until evening for five dollars a week, later six, and that her daughter and son-in-law had returned home after their farm closed. She recalled Andy wishing he could find work so she could rest. The brothers sometimes chose a movie instead of supper because she could not afford both. One brother had reached third grade and the other sixth; the article does not allocate those grades. Its collective July 10 execution reference is a threatened outcome, not an accomplished death. Source: https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/new-masses/1931/v07n02-jul-1931-New-Masses.pdf#page=22